What Is Law 2/2025 on Artificial Intelligence and Why Does It Matter for Europe?

A new European law sets a precedent by regulating the ethical and safe use of artificial intelligence in both the public and private sectors. Here’s why it matters.

Law 2/2025, entering into force this April, is the first in Europe to comprehensively regulate the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in both the public and private sectors. Its aim is clear: to harness the potential of AI while always safeguarding fundamental rights, transparency, and human oversight.

The law establishes a series of principles that must guide the design and use of AI systems:

• Transparency and explainability: Citizens have the right to understand how and why an AI system makes decisions affecting them.

• Human oversight: Any automated decision can be reviewed by a human upon request.

• Fairness and absence of bias: Discrimination must be avoided and fair treatment ensured.

• Security and privacy: Systems must be safe and respect personal data protection.

• Impact assessment: Before implementing AI, its societal, economic, and environmental impact must be assessed.

The law guarantees several rights related to AI:

• To be informed when a decision is based on an AI system.

• To request human review of automated decisions.

• To access clear explanations about how systems affecting them work.

To ensure proper implementation, the law creates various bodies:

• Office for Artificial Intelligence – to coordinate and monitor AI deployment in public administration.

• Strategic Advisory Commission on AI – to provide guidance on development and usage.

• Artificial Intelligence Council – a consultative body on AI matters.

• A Commissioner for AI is also appointed to ensure compliance with ethical and legal principles.

Beyond regulation, the law promotes AI development through:

• The creation of an Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2030, setting goals and actions to foster innovation.

• Sector-specific programmes and pilot projects encouraging adoption.

• Training plans for civil servants, businesses, and the public to foster responsible use and understanding of AI.

The law also encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors:

• Establishing consortia and mixed-economy companies for joint AI projects.

• Introducing public procurement mechanisms that prioritise ethical and innovative solutions.

• Creating an inventory of AI systems used in public administration to improve transparency and efficiency.

This legislation offers a legal framework that balances technological innovation with the protection of people’s rights and freedoms. It sets a precedent that could be adopted by other regions and countries across Europe.